Egypt NGO Sector - Revision history

https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Egypt_NGO_Sector Egypt NGO Sector - Revision history 2026-06-24T16:12:11Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.31.10 https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector&diff=812&oldid=prev Frederick Swarts: /* Introduction */ 2008-07-17T14:20:54Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:20, 17 July 2008</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Civil associations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs)  not only provide social and cultural services to a community, but they can also serve as instruments for democratic development.  For this reason, in authoritarian states NGOs are generally controlled by the government to prevent them from becoming focal points of political reform.  Along these lines, in Egypt, where political power is held almost exclusively by the president, NGOs are subject to substantial government interference.  Despite this interference, in recent years the Egyptian NGO sector, while continuing to provide a variety of community services, has begun to serve as an outlet for those seeking social and political change.  However, to make an impact on the development of Egyptian society NGOs must overcome a difficult political and social environment, legal and funding restrictions, and extra-legal barriers to registering and operating an NGO.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Civil associations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs)  not only provide social and cultural services to a community, but they can also serve as instruments for democratic development.  For this reason, in authoritarian states NGOs are generally controlled by the government to prevent them from becoming focal points of political reform.  Along these lines, in Egypt, where political power is held almost exclusively by the president, NGOs are subject to substantial government interference.  Despite this interference, in recent years the Egyptian NGO sector, while continuing to provide a variety of community services, has begun to serve as an outlet for those seeking social and political change.  However, to make an impact on the development of Egyptian society NGOs must overcome a difficult political and social environment, legal and funding restrictions, and extra-legal barriers to registering and operating an NGO. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><membersonly></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Egyptian NGOs===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Egyptian NGOs===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> </table>

Frederick Swarts https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector&diff=98&oldid=prev Frederick Swarts: Egypt NGO Code moved to Egypt NGO Sector 2007-06-19T17:08:20Z

<p><a href="https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt NGO Code">Egypt NGO Code</a> moved to <a href="https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector" title="Egypt NGO Sector">Egypt NGO Sector</a></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:08, 19 June 2007</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div> </td></tr></table>

Frederick Swarts https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector&diff=25&oldid=prev Frederick Swarts at 15:40, 15 June 2007 2007-06-15T15:40:24Z

<p></p> <a href="https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector&diff=25&oldid=24">Show changes</a>

Frederick Swarts https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector&diff=24&oldid=prev Frederick Swarts: /* POLITICAL & SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT */ 2007-06-15T15:36:08Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">POLITICAL & SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT</span></span></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:36, 15 June 2007</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==INTRODUCTION==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==INTRODUCTION==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15" >Line 15:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To operate, NGOs must navigate through the political and social environment of Egypt.  The Arab Republic of Egypt, while nominally governed by three separate branches of government, is in practice controlled by the President who maintains a tight authoritarian grip over political and social society.  Since 1981, following an increase in sectarian violence and the assassination of President Anwar Sadat, President Hosni Mubarak has ruled Egypt under a state of emergency, which ostensibly gives the President military control over the country.  The emergency laws restrict basic rights; prohibit public meetings, strikes and demonstrations; allow political activists to be tried in military courts; and censor the media on the basis of national security.  While the rights of freedom of assembly and peaceful demonstration are guaranteed under the Egyptian Constitution, the Gathering Law, an emergency regulation, requires notice to be given to security forces prior to any public meetings and gives police the right to prevent or dissolve meetings by force “if necessary.”   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To operate, NGOs must navigate through the political and social environment of Egypt.  The Arab Republic of Egypt, while nominally governed by three separate branches of government, is in practice controlled by the President who maintains a tight authoritarian grip over political and social society.  Since 1981, following an increase in sectarian violence and the assassination of President Anwar Sadat, President Hosni Mubarak has ruled Egypt under a state of emergency, which ostensibly gives the President military control over the country.  The emergency laws restrict basic rights; prohibit public meetings, strikes and demonstrations; allow political activists to be tried in military courts; and censor the media on the basis of national security.  While the rights of freedom of assembly and peaceful demonstration are guaranteed under the Egyptian Constitution, the Gathering Law, an emergency regulation, requires notice to be given to security forces prior to any public meetings and gives police the right to prevent or dissolve meetings by force “if necessary.”   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the last two years, President Mubarak has enacted legislation to reform presidential elections and the judiciary; however, in reality, the new laws have not improved the pace of democratic reform.  Indeed, in early 2007 the government pushed through several amendments to the Constitution of Egypt which further consolidate power within the executive and may eventually place greater restrictions on civil liberties.  Critics charge that these constitutional amendments codify some of the government’s emergency powers in the Constitution.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the last two years, President Mubarak has enacted legislation to reform presidential elections and the judiciary; however, in reality, the new laws have not improved the pace of democratic reform.  Indeed, in early 2007 the government pushed through several amendments to the Constitution of Egypt which further consolidate power within the executive and may eventually place greater restrictions on civil liberties.  Critics charge that these constitutional amendments codify some of the government’s emergency powers in the Constitution.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fear of NGOs serving as the center of political opposition has caused the Egyptian government, typical for autocratic regimes, to distrust the NGO community.  Outside observers have described the NGO community as being “tightly controlled” by the government.  According to these reports, the Egyptian government has long sought to interfere in the management and operation of NGOs and has targeted certain types of NGOs, such as women’s groups, religious organizations, and human rights groups, for government and bureaucratic intrusion.  This hostility towards NGOs has also colored the perception of NGOs within the broader society.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fear of NGOs serving as the center of political opposition has caused the Egyptian government, typical for autocratic regimes, to distrust the NGO community.  Outside observers have described the NGO community as being “tightly controlled” by the government.   </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to these reports, the Egyptian government has long sought to interfere in the management and operation of NGOs and has targeted certain types of NGOs, such as women’s groups, religious organizations, and human rights groups, for government and bureaucratic intrusion.  This hostility towards NGOs has also colored the perception of NGOs within the broader society.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With encouragement from the government, public opinion of the NGO sector is distrustful.  Most NGOs are heavily dependent on foreign funds, which come mostly from the West.  This dependence along with the government’s ability to influence the media encourages hostility towards NGOs and activists and leaves them open to the charge that they are acting on behalf of Western governments, particularly the U.S.  According to an Egyptian sociologist, this gives rise to suspicions in the community about the purpose and identity of NGOs.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With encouragement from the government, public opinion of the NGO sector is distrustful.  Most NGOs are heavily dependent on foreign funds, which come mostly from the West.  This dependence along with the government’s ability to influence the media encourages hostility towards NGOs and activists and leaves them open to the charge that they are acting on behalf of Western governments, particularly the U.S.  According to an Egyptian sociologist, this gives rise to suspicions in the community about the purpose and identity of NGOs.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Within the NGO community itself, experts believe that government interference and NGO dependence on foreign funds produces <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“competition </del>for survival and a lack of pluralism among [NGOs].<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">”  </del>In addition, there has been increasing division and hostility between Islamic and secular NGOs over their different visions of a desirable society.  This has led to more members of the community identifying only with the NGOs that share their religious or ethnic background.  According to a study of NGOs in Egypt, this <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“struggle </del>for survival [within the political and social atmosphere] diverts the attention of NGOs from their actual objectives.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">” </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the NGO community itself, experts believe that government interference and NGO dependence on foreign funds produces <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">competition </ins>for survival and a lack of pluralism among [NGOs]. In addition, there has been increasing division and hostility between Islamic and secular NGOs over their different visions of a desirable society.  This has led to more members of the community identifying only with the NGOs that share their religious or ethnic background.  According to a study of NGOs in Egypt, this <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">struggle </ins>for survival [within the political and social atmosphere] diverts the attention of NGOs from their actual objectives.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==LEGAL FRAMEWORK==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==LEGAL FRAMEWORK==</div></td></tr> </table>

Frederick Swarts https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector&diff=23&oldid=prev Frederick Swarts: New page: ==INTRODUCTION== Civil associations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) not only provide social and cultural services to a community, but they can also serve as instruments for d... 2007-06-15T15:33:21Z

<p>New page: ==INTRODUCTION== Civil associations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) not only provide social and cultural services to a community, but they can also serve as instruments for d...</p> <a href="https://www.wangohandbook.org/index.php?title=Egypt_NGO_Sector&diff=23">Show changes</a>

Frederick Swarts