Difference between revisions of "France NGO Sector"
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
| − | The history of French non-governmental organizations (NGOs), known as '''organisations non-governementales''' (ONGs), involves navigating various institutional definitions as well as sifting through time-ordered values attached to the State’s social, economic, and international interests (Archambault 1993, p. p.1; Paul 2000, Sorgenfrei 2004,p.4). As a relatively recent term coined in the aftermath of World War II, the acronym “NGO” first appeared in 1945 in the '''United Nations Charter'''<ref>It is often noted that the term NGO appears in chapter 10, article 71 of the United Nations Charter and refers to both international and national organizations that hold special consultation status (Paul 2000, para. 20; Wikipedia 2008a, section History and Consultative Status, section History). </ref> (Paul 2000, para. 20; Wikipedia 2008a, section history). Scholars remark that the United Nation’s definition, which differentiates NGOs “from those of government”, is broad enough to cover a multitude of associations, voluntary associations, institutes, non-profits and private foundations (Paul 2000, para. 2; Willets 2002, summary). French NGOs typically include an array of civic and internationally minded players such as mutual societies, development organizations, associations and foundations (Newman 2005). | + | The history of French non-governmental organizations (NGOs), known as '''organisations non-governementales''' (ONGs), involves navigating various institutional definitions as well as sifting through time-ordered values attached to the State’s social, economic, and international interests (Archambault 1993, p. p.1; Paul 2000, Sorgenfrei 2004,p.4). As a relatively recent term coined in the aftermath of World War II, the acronym “NGO” first appeared in 1945 in the '''United Nations Charter'''<ref>It is often noted that the term NGO appears in chapter 10, article 71 of the United Nations Charter and refers to both international and national organizations that hold special consultation status (Paul 2000, para. 20; Wikipedia 2008a, section History and Consultative Status, section History). </ref> (Paul 2000, para. 20; Wikipedia 2008a, section history). Scholars remark that the United Nation’s definition, which differentiates NGOs “from those of government”, is broad enough to cover a multitude of associations, voluntary associations, institutes, non-profits and private foundations (Paul 2000, para. 2; Willets 2002, summary). French NGOs typically include an array of civic and internationally minded players such as mutual societies, development organizations, associations and foundations (Newman 2005). <membersonly> |
The ideology behind France’s NGO movement traces back to the Middle Ages with ''religious charity groups'' and ''medieval guilds'' (Archambault 2001, p.205, 207). Recent scholarly activity and research, such as Edith Archambault’s work on non-profits whose outline this article follows (see mainly Archambault 2001 as well as 1993)<ref> Since scholars remark that few studies have been conducted outlining the NGO movement in France as a whole (Archambault 2001, p.204, Sorgenfrei 2004, p.7), this historical background closely follows the chronological look at associations and the Third Sector offered by political scientist Edith Archambault. Researchers such as Sorgenfrei (2004, p.7) remark at the limited research in the field and refer to Archambault’s work (referring to Archambault, 1996) as offering an essential account of France’s non-profit sector and its relationship with French centralism (see Archambault 2001). Archambault breaks down the historical movement into “long term trends” dating from the Revolution to the early 1900s, the World Wars and modern times (Archambault 2001, p.204; 1993). </ref>, have focused on a chronologically shifting, delicate, and often hostile relationship between French state responsibility and that of associations and non-profits towards “public benefit”<ref>In her breakdown of French organizations for the Council on Foundations, Caroline Newman writes about “public benefit” when referring to the responsibility of associations as well as foundations. (Newman 2005, III.B).</ref> (Newman 2005, III.B.; Archambault 1993/2001). This hostile relationship burgeoned during the French Revolution (1789-1799)<ref>The French Revolution marks a break from France’s traditional past of absolute monarchy and church rule. It is the beginning of France’s modern period where a new Republicanism introduced political and social ideals for democracy and citizenry (see Hunt 1984/1996 and Nord 1995 for discussion on citizenry, democracy and French Republicanism 1995).</ref> when government banned charitable groups founded under the ''ancien régime'' and established central French ''étatism'', or the concentration of civil responsibility under the government’s control (Archambault 1993, p. 2/2001, p.205). | The ideology behind France’s NGO movement traces back to the Middle Ages with ''religious charity groups'' and ''medieval guilds'' (Archambault 2001, p.205, 207). Recent scholarly activity and research, such as Edith Archambault’s work on non-profits whose outline this article follows (see mainly Archambault 2001 as well as 1993)<ref> Since scholars remark that few studies have been conducted outlining the NGO movement in France as a whole (Archambault 2001, p.204, Sorgenfrei 2004, p.7), this historical background closely follows the chronological look at associations and the Third Sector offered by political scientist Edith Archambault. Researchers such as Sorgenfrei (2004, p.7) remark at the limited research in the field and refer to Archambault’s work (referring to Archambault, 1996) as offering an essential account of France’s non-profit sector and its relationship with French centralism (see Archambault 2001). Archambault breaks down the historical movement into “long term trends” dating from the Revolution to the early 1900s, the World Wars and modern times (Archambault 2001, p.204; 1993). </ref>, have focused on a chronologically shifting, delicate, and often hostile relationship between French state responsibility and that of associations and non-profits towards “public benefit”<ref>In her breakdown of French organizations for the Council on Foundations, Caroline Newman writes about “public benefit” when referring to the responsibility of associations as well as foundations. (Newman 2005, III.B).</ref> (Newman 2005, III.B.; Archambault 1993/2001). This hostile relationship burgeoned during the French Revolution (1789-1799)<ref>The French Revolution marks a break from France’s traditional past of absolute monarchy and church rule. It is the beginning of France’s modern period where a new Republicanism introduced political and social ideals for democracy and citizenry (see Hunt 1984/1996 and Nord 1995 for discussion on citizenry, democracy and French Republicanism 1995).</ref> when government banned charitable groups founded under the ''ancien régime'' and established central French ''étatism'', or the concentration of civil responsibility under the government’s control (Archambault 1993, p. 2/2001, p.205). | ||
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Thus, despite a rocky history , scholars report that NGOs in France have established footing. New concerns over ''globalization'' and ''decentralization'' are changing the role NGOs play both in France and abroad (Archambault 2001, p.218). Remarking that the State is still vigilant but no longer hostile, scholars note the French government is becoming more and more open to a cooperative relationship between the third sector (Archambault 2001, p.205, 218, Sorgenfrei 2004, p.11). | Thus, despite a rocky history , scholars report that NGOs in France have established footing. New concerns over ''globalization'' and ''decentralization'' are changing the role NGOs play both in France and abroad (Archambault 2001, p.218). Remarking that the State is still vigilant but no longer hostile, scholars note the French government is becoming more and more open to a cooperative relationship between the third sector (Archambault 2001, p.205, 218, Sorgenfrei 2004, p.11). | ||
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| − | + | ==Notes== | |
| − | + | <references/> | |
| − | + | ==References== | |
| + | ''This article was originally an article prepared for the NGO Handbook by Lisa M. Le Fevre, titled, French NGOS: A Historical Background.'' | ||
| − | France | + | * Archambault, Edith. 1993. Defining the Nonprofit Sector: France. Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, no. 7, edited by L.M. Salamon and H.K. Anheier. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies. |
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| + | * Archambault, Edith. 2001. Historical roots of the nonprofit sector in France. ''Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly'' 30(no.2): 204-220. | ||
| − | + | * Cmiel, Kenneth. 2004. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.1/cmiel.html The recent history of human rights]. ''The American Historical Review'' 109(1). Retrieved August 31, 2006. | |
| − | + | Cohen, Samy. 2004. [http://www.brookings.edu/usfrance/analysis/index.htm A model of its own? State-NGO relations in France]. ''U.S.-France Analysis Series, The Brookings Institution''. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | * De Tocqueville, Alexis. 1956. ''Democracy in America''. Edited and abridged by Richard D. Hefner. New York, New York: New American Library. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | * Hunt, Lynn. 1984. ''Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution''. Berkeley, LA: University of California Press. . | |
| − | The French | + | * Hunt, Lynn. 1996. ''The French Revolution and Human Rights''. Boston, MA: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press. |
| − | + | * Levitte, Jean-David. 2005. Editorial. Embassy of France to the United States, Non Governmental Cooperation Newsletter no. 1 (July 2005) (http://www.ambafrance-us.org) | |
| − | + | * Newman, Caroline. 2006. [http://www.usig.org/countryinfo/france.asp France country information]. Council on Foundations (June 2005). Retrieved August 31, 2006. | |
| − | + | * Newman, Caroline. 2002. [http://www.icnl.org/journal/vol4iss23/cr_weurope.htm “New relations between the French state and NGOs. The state association charter]. ''International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law'' 4(2/3). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Nord, Philip. 1995. The Republican Moment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. | |
| − | + | * Orfeuil, Henri Rouille. 2005. Coordination Sud, Colaition of French NGO’s. Embassy of France to the United States, Non Governmental Cooperation Newsletter no. 1 (July 2005) (http://www.ambafrance-us.org) | |
| − | + | * Paul, James A. 2004. “NGOs and Global Policy-Making.” Global Policy Forum. http://www.globalpolicy.org. Retrieved August 31, 2006. | |
| − | + | * Pendergast, William R. 1976. UNESCO and French cultural relations 1945-1970. ''International Organization'' 30(3): 453-483. http://www.jstor.org. Retrieved September 15, 2006. | |
| − | + | * Sewell, William H. 1980. Work and Revolution in France – The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. | |
| + | * Skjelsbaek, Kjell. 1971. The growth of international nongovernmental organization in the Twentieth Century. ''International Organization'' 25(3), Transnational Relations and World Politics (Summer, 1971), Cambridge University Press, pp. 420-442. http://www.jstor.org (first accessed in 2006 and again on July 2, 2007). | ||
| − | + | * Sorgenfrei, Mia. 2004. Capacity building from a French perspective. ''Praxis Papers'' 1: 1-38. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | * Willets, Peter. 2001. What is a non-governmental organization? ''UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems'' Section 1 Institutional and Infrastructure Resource Issues (January 4 2002 [first pub.November 21, 2001]), http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM. Retrieved August 31, 2006. | |
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| − | + | ==External Links and Links Referenced== | |
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| − | + | * Cimade. 2008. [http://www.cimade.org La Cimade website]. Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Embassy of France to the United States. 2005. [http://www.ambafrance-us.org Non-governmental cooperation]. ''Non Governmental Cooperation Newsletter'' 1 (July 2005). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * France Diplomatie. 2008. [http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr NGO/Non-Governmental Organization]. Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * French Ministry of Youth, Sports and Associational Life. 2008. http://www.associations.gouv.fr. Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Forum Réfugiés. 2008. [http://www.forumrefugies.org]. Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH). 2008. [http://www.fidh.org About us]. ''International Federation of Human Rights''. Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * The French Red Cross. 2008. [http://www.ifrc.org/docs/profiles/frprofile.pdf Partnership in profile 2002-2003]. ''IFRC''. Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia. 2008a. Non-governmental organization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia. 2008b. International Committee of the Red Cross (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationa_Comittee_of_the_Red_Cross). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia. 2008c. International Federation of Human Rights (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Human_Rights). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia. 2008d. Alfred Dreyfus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia. 2008e. May 1968 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1968). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia. 2008f. Napoleonic Code (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia French. 2008a. Organisation non-gouvernementale (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation-non-gouvernementale). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
| − | + | * Wikipedia French. 2008b. Principales ONG français (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principales_ONG_fransaises). Retrieved February 4, 2008. | |
Latest revision as of 08:22, 17 July 2008
Contents
Overview
The history of French non-governmental organizations (NGOs), known as organisations non-governementales (ONGs), involves navigating various institutional definitions as well as sifting through time-ordered values attached to the State’s social, economic, and international interests (Archambault 1993, p. p.1; Paul 2000, Sorgenfrei 2004,p.4). As a relatively recent term coined in the aftermath of World War II, the acronym “NGO” first appeared in 1945 in the United Nations Charter[1] (Paul 2000, para. 20; Wikipedia 2008a, section history). Scholars remark that the United Nation’s definition, which differentiates NGOs “from those of government”, is broad enough to cover a multitude of associations, voluntary associations, institutes, non-profits and private foundations (Paul 2000, para. 2; Willets 2002, summary). French NGOs typically include an array of civic and internationally minded players such as mutual societies, development organizations, associations and foundations (Newman 2005).
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